Thane Fort to the Thane Central Jail

THANE FORT TO THE THANE CENTRAL JAIL: A TRANSITION AND PRESENT SITUATION – VAIBHAV D. ADHYARU K. V. PENDHARKAR COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE AND COMMERCE, DOMBIVLI, MAHARASHTRA, India. THANE FORT TO THE THANE CENTRAL JAIL: A TRANSITION AND PRESENT SITUATION The existence of Thane city appears in the  global history since the 9thcentury A. D. Thane city has a rich cultural heritage, mythological background, followed by a large number of events of historical importance, archeological collectives that have contributed to the enrichment of the history of Thane city.The city was then known as ‘Shreesthanak’. The Thane Central Jail, originally a historical fort was constructed by Portuguese in 1730 A. D. The prison, which was earlier a fort named Thane Killa, is associated with the Indian Freedom Struggle and is also one of the heritage structures of the city. The 279 year old monument was constructed by the Portuguese for the protection of Sashti Island on 13. 5 acres of land. The Portuguese ruled Thane for over 200 years, from 1530 to 1739 A. D. During this period Thane was known as ‘Kalabe De Tana†.In January 1737, Chimaji Appa, the Peshwa’s brother, took command of the Marathas troops and inspite of obstinate resistance, captured most of the northern forts, Katalvada, Dahanu, Kelve, Shirgaon and Tarapur, whose walls were scaled by the Marathas. On May 4th, the Portuguese hoisted the white flag and of their officers met Chimaji Appa for arranging terms of surrender. On 28th December, 1744 the British conquered Thane city and its fort. Marathas lost the Third Anglo-Maratha War in November 1817 between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India.The war left the company in control of most of India. British Victories were swift, resulting in the breakup of the Maratha Empire and the loss of Maratha independence. The Peshwa was defeated in the Battles of Khadki and Koregaon and he was forced to flee. It was conver ted into jail in 1816 by the British. When Britishers got controlled all over the entire India, they started to use the Thane fort as central jail so that they can arrest and jail the nearby freedom fighters, criminals for going against their system. Many well known freedom fighters were imprisoned in this jail during the time.On 19th April, 1910 noted freedom fighters like Veer Anant Laxman Kanhere, Gopal Krishnaji Karve and Vinayak Narayan Deshpande were hanged to death in the central jail for killing the then Nasik District Collector Jackson. Noted freedom fighter Veer Savarkar was also imprisoned in central jail but later he was shifted to Andaman Cellular Jail due to the security reasons. Other freedom fighters like Chaphekar Brother and Mahadev Ranade were hanged for killing W. C. Rand for his atrocities in Poona. Prominent freedom fighters like Vasudev Balwant Phadke, Senapati Bapat, Saneguruji were also lodged in this jail.Later Indian Government continued that fort to be us ed Thane Central Jail as a district jail to jail the criminals of Thane District. Thane Central Jail is a huge campus and having different departments for the upliftment of the criminals. Personalities like Harshad Mehta and Sanjay Dutt were also imprisoned at Thane Central Jail. Various departments have been working efficiently for the smooth functioning of the Jail:- The Superintendent, Thane District Prison, is vested with the executive management of the prison in all matters relating to internal discipline, economy, labour and punishment.The Superintendent is assisted by the executive, medical, ministerial and technical staff. CLASSIFICATION:- There is one district prison and eleven taluka sub-jails in Thane District. The prison at Thane has been classified as a district prison [Class I], This prison is only meant for the confinement of the under trial prisoners and prisoners sentenced upto 5 years. CLASSFICATION OF PRISONERS:- Prisoners are classified as class I or class II by the court after taking into consideration their status in society and also the nature of offence. They are further classified as casual, habitual, under-trial and security or detenue.There is no separate class of political prisoners but certain rules which do not allow the grant of facilities and privileges on the score of length of sentence are relaxed in their favour under the specific orders of government. On admission, a prisoner is examined by the medical officer and is classified as fit for light, medium and hard labour. Prisoners are employed in prison industries, prison farms and prison maintenance services. Vocational classes are also organized in the prison. EDUCATION:- Literacy classes are conducted for prisoners and necessary facilities are provided to prisoners at government cost.RECREATIONAL AND CULTURAL ACTIVITIES:- Recreational programmes like physical training parades, documentary and full length films, folk dances, kalapathak and games are organized for the enterta inment of prisoners generally in a month. Besides, newspapers are also supplied to the prisoners. Emphasis is always laid on the maintenance of good discipline in the prison. JAIL INDUSTRY:- The long term prisoners in Thane Central Prison are provided with creative work including handicrafts and industries. The chief of these industries include textile, carpentary and tailoring. Most of the products are supplied to various government departments.The tailoring unit in the jail supplies readymade garments to the post and telegraph department and to the police. COTTON CLOTH AND CARPETS:- Weaving is the chief industry in the jail. There are around 14 looms for manufacturing carpets, blankets etc. CARPET AND PUNJA CARPETS:- Carpets are woven on pit-looms and are called loom carpets. The workers or prisoners move on horizontally as the weaving process goes on, completing the carpet. It is in great demand both from government and in the public. CARPENTARY:- This section is worked on job ba sis. A group of two or three prisoners do the planning and assembling job. CONCLUSION:-In this way Thane Central Jail administers work of the inmates/prisoners, So that the prisoners develop their skills through the routine work. Historically important memo i. e. martyrs memorials are not open for the citizens. There memo may be the inspiration for the citizens so it may create awareness about the national movement. Hence, it is necessary to make them accessible for the citizens. The present day physical condition of the jail is not in proper condition, so it should be repaired properly as soon as possible to maintain the condition of the jail. However, today the fort is a very busy place on account of being a jail.

Cappies Reviews For Up The Down Staircase

A young, ambitious teacher nurtures the hope of changing the lives of high schoolers by awakening their love in classic literature; however, her innocence causes her to underestimate the rowdiness of her students. Laguna Hill’s production of Up the Down Staircase is a heartwarming play that shows the growing bond between a teacher and her students. This play was made into a film in 1967. Sylvia Barrett is a caring young lady who becomes a teacher in a big city in the hopes of becoming â€Å"friends† with her students.Eventually, she decides to leave the school because she thinks she isn’t making of school. With her head bowed, and her hands quietly laid behind her back, Sylvia shuffles into her homeroom, gazing out at the daunting space as if it were filled with poisonous snakes. It is from this weak, almost pathetic child that Sylvia grows alongside her unruly students. As they, the â€Å"mob† turn from curious agitation to open hostility towards their op pressive English overlord, so too does Sylvia's innocent nature become calloused with anger and frustration.It is in the wake of Alice Blake's (Megan Crayne Beall) accident, the young girl, who's love struck mind still had time to do the homework Ms. Sylvia assigned her, that the entire class comes together. The student's desks, at first turned away from not only the audience, but also Sylvia, slowly turned to face her, symbolizing not only acceptance, but also a powerful unity created not by discipline or fear, but by love and respect. Sylvia's cold-hearted nature melts away and is replaced by confidence and compassion.No longer does she stay rooted to the front of the class, allowing anger and resentment to grow within her, but she moves about, concern for the future of her students written on every expression, and detailed in all her staging. Laguna Hills' â€Å"Up the Down Staircase† is a captivating story of one woman's compassion triumphing over the ignorance of society . With high energy and phenomenal stage chemistry, the entire cast puts on a show to remember.

Reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Reflection paper - Essay Example In this chapter, Ms. Wright, is a renowned psychologist and sports nutritionist has explained different cases of eating disorders. Ms. Wright emphasizes in the readings that eating disorders are not just about food. There is a much more psychological reason why eating disorders are prevalent among the youth. One of the underlying reason for such disorder is a low self-esteem derived from wrong perspective of one’s physical appearance. Thus, most young people associate their lack of physical attractiveness to their self-worth which is very dangerous since they go to extreme lengths to maintain a certain ideal figure. Ironically, the media projects unhealthy images of beauty where waif like figures become the benchmark for young people. The chapter also discussed other underlying reasons for eating disorders, among them, dealing with the trauma of being away from family and friends for the first time, dealing with new pressures and new expectations as findings from the cases of Ms Wright reveals. As a conclusion, the chapter not only details the different eating disorders but their underlying causes as well. More so, the chapter informs the reader of the significance of an intervention program for eating disorders so that further damaging effect to the affected youth at-risk would be lessened. As revealed by the study, the adolescent and youth groups are the most affected segment by eating disorders. As such, this has serious implications to school officials especially school counselors since they are in direct contact with this group most of the time. Therefore, the school must be active in identifying at-risk youth once they are admitted in the school system. The school must conduct a discrete eating disorder test once a student has applied for admission in a school. Moreover, a new student must view a presentation regarding eating disorders. Once the result of the test is released, a one-on-one consultation with the school

Policy of Mandatory Marriage Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Policy of Mandatory Marriage - Research Proposal Example However, marriage requires more than just love between partners, and if this is not considered it is likely that after a few years of marriage the seeds of divorce germinate and take root (Jasper 54). The topic aims at, firstly, establishing the various causes of divorce. Secondly, it shows that through educating couples on the essence of marriage then they will respect and uphold it as an institution. Thirdly, it aims at showing that couples who have understood the essence of marriage through marriage education would avoid incidences of divorce through; biding their time, not rushing into marriage until they find the right person or going into marriage when they have armed themselves with weapons that would counter any divorce triggers (Jasper 94). Plan of fulfilling the topic The topic will start with a discussion of; the importance of marriage, misconceptions about marriage, the reasons for divorce and the negativity and pain that come with divorce. The topic will also address the way in which the media has portrayed marriage.

Fair Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fair Trade - Essay Example The minimum price is set such that it can never be below the current market price or level. Despite fair trade gaining momentum and increasing in the United Kingdom and the world over, the fair trade concept is generally unfair. Proponents of fair trade argue that the scheme is meant to help farmers to meet the average costs of production in developing nations. Through the fair trade scheme, farmers and workers are accorded better financing, premiums and a basic set price which is intended to cushion farmers when the world market price falls. All these factors lead to better financial stability for the producers. However, the concept of financial stability of fair trade farmers is very weak (Mohan, 2010). Farmers have to pay certification fees, application fees and renewal certification charges and in the end, these costs are too great for the farmers. A 2009 study undertaken by Saenz-Segura and Zuniga-Arias’ found out that the costs associated with fair trade consume more than a third of fair trade premiums received by farmers. As such, fair trade does not have a significant financial impact on the farmers or producers (Raluca, Giovannucci & Nunn, 2014). Additionally, the financial stability promise d by fair trade is often non-existent. Despite the fact that the minimum set price offers farmers some assurance, they are not assured of selling their products as fair trade. Therefore, farmers have to endure financial uncertainty just like all other farmers. Also, according to Sidwell (2008), only a fraction (10%) of the premiums reaches the farmer or worker. Fair trade is meant to improve the lives of farmers in developing countries. Thus, proponents state that fair trade helps to end poverty in poor countries. On the contrary, fair trade encourages and promotes poverty. A lot of farmers who have benefited from the fair trade scheme reside in Mexico,

News paper summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

News paper summary - Essay Example Its stock dropped by more than 5% in three months. It also reported of various cyber-attacks that it has received. Its shares have also dropped by 10% in 12 months that are contradictory to gains of a company such as NASDAQ Internet Index that increased by 31%. The drop seems to indicate that investors are raising questions concerning its future. Its revenue growth has remained stagnant for the past two years, and the scenario will be the same in coming years. The article, HP chairman Whitworth to Step Down to Focus on Health, is about HP management and in particular its chairman Mr. Whitworth. He has served on several US boards, but now wants to retire and concentrate on his health. He has lived with throat cancer since April 2013. Relational managers will be meeting soon to discuss on how to appoint a new chairman. It manages more than $ 6 billion and features prominently in shareholder activism. He joined the HP Company in 2011 when it was turmoil and led to its stability. Relational investors are more worried of his wealth than effect on the firm. The article, Real-Estate Investors See No Problem with Puerto Rico, points out at the deteriorating economic conditions at Puerto Rico and how real-estate investors are taking advantage of the situation. Property managers and private-equity firms are buying and developing luxurious and high-end hotels on the island. Property deals have up scaled by more than $ 1 billion. The investments bet on its turn around, tourist’s credit concerns, and changes to the tax code that withdraws tax on such investments. The hotel business is on the rise, and the valuations are level to those seen before the wake of the global recession. The article, S&P Weighs Restarting Talks on US Suit, is about Standard and Poor’s Ratings Services and its lawsuit with the Justice department. The company is on discussion and negotiations on penalties on the range of

The Global Shift of Power in the 1600 And 1700s Research Paper

The Global Shift of Power in the 1600 And 1700s - Research Paper Example The aftermath of 2008 financial and economic crisis witnessed another major shift in the balance of economic, financial and political power from the advanced countries to emerging markets – from West to East (â€Å"Emerging Markets†), or from the West to the Rest. This shift is, of course, not the first time that we have seen in the history of geopolitical influences. The meteorotic rise of the West from the 15th century and in parallel, the decline of China, was itself an earlier example, if not mirror image, of such kind of shift. The industrial revolution that gave birth to what is called â€Å"The Great Divergence† (the mounting divergence in manufacturing competence and in ability to project power between the first countries to industrialize, chiefly in Europe, and the rest of the world) marked another global shift. It is no surprise that the first industrial nation, Great Britain, controlled fully a quarter of the world’s population and landmass by t he end of the 19th century. There was another transfer of power from the pioneer industrializer, Britain, to imperial Germany that attributed to the economic and geopolitical tensions setting the stage for World War I (Eichengreen). In his thesis, The World in Depression 1929-1939, author Charles Kindleberger notes that the Great Depression of the 1930s was an outcome of the global shift in power from Britain to the United States, one that left an drained Britain unable to manage global economy and an untested United States unwilling to do so. There was another power paradigm after World War II toward the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, and consequently the supremacy of the U.S. over the Western world. Since then, its economic prowness has been gradually declining due to catch-up growth by Europe, Japan and other East Asian powers. We are today witnessing a shift towards emerging markets like China and India. Declining Eastern Powers in mid 15th century Duri ng the 1400s, Ming China was, by far, the leading economic power. It boasted of construction landmarks such as the Great Wall, a standing army with a million troops and mastery of gunpower, printing, papermaking and compasses. Two critical factors led to a gradual decline of Ming Dynasty, resulting in a global shift towards the West (Bosworth). First, the Ming Dynasty turned inward. Zheng He’s fleet was dismantled. Restrictions were placed on the size of newly constructed ships. By the end of the 15th century, subjects of the Chinese empire were prohibited to build ocean-going ships or to leave China. The Silk Route was all but closed to traffic. The Chinese met early European intrusions by limiting contact to a handful of treaty ports. Isolation to foreign ideas, absence of foreign competition, and the smothering effects of tradition set China led to a long period of economic stagnation. The second factor was enhanced Western influence through better sailing, navigation and military technology. Rise of Europe – 1600 to 1700 A.D. A detailed look at the West European economic growth is key to understand the global shift of power from East to the West. The origins of this surge in economic development and the related Industrial Revolution are considered to lie in the economic, political and social developments of Western Europe over the preceding centuries, most often starting in the 16th century (Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson). Throughout the 17th and early 18th centuries, several geopolitical shifts occurred in Europe as the riches of the individual countries grew and faded. Marked political and religious

Business Strategies Implemented Internationally Research Paper - 1

Business Strategies Implemented Internationally - Research Paper Example How should you organize the business outside of the U.S.? Marketing department handles the sales operation in an international market. Setup of the export department that is in direct contact with the CEO. Setup of independent franchisees or subsidiaries whereby each franchise functions individually and is in direct contact with the CEO (Hodgetts & Rugman, 1995). Should you set-up reasonably independent companies, subsidiaries, in each foreign market? Yes, setting up subsidiaries in each of the international markets is one of the best ways to manage business outside the local market. The franchises are run according to the demands of that country. This is called as the multi-domestic strategy. Another similar strategy; known as international strategy, in this concept certain departments of the international franchise are still maintained by the parent company (Aswathappa, 2008). In order to exercise control over each of the subsidiary, it is important that the companies know which of the strategies it is going to implement and their relevant advantages and disadvantages. A subsidiary board of director will manage the various subsidiaries and their work and hence in this way it is easy to maintain the reputation and decrease the chances of risk in reputation. It is better not to impose a strict brand image and it is also important that all the subsidiaries be linked with the help of the internet or any other software that might be available

CASE 3- Variable and Fixed Costs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CASE 3- Variable and Fixed Costs - Essay Example ch refers to the costing methodology in which all the manufacturing and direct costs were allocated to the products and used in the calculation of the costs of inventory (opening, in process or closing). All the non manufacturing costs are directly charged to the income statement and were excluded from the cost of inventory (opening, in process or closing). This method is also known as full costing method or system. (Drury, 2004) An alternative to this method is a variable costing method. Under variable costing approach the cost of a product includes variable costs (costs that vary with the level of production) of production only. All the fixed costs (costs that are not dependent on the level of production) are directly taken to the profit and loss statement and not form the part of inventory cost (opening, in process or closing). It is also called as direct costing system. (Matz & Usry, 1980) 1. If production in a period equals the sales in that period, then profits calculated under both the methods are same. The reason is that the amount of fixed overheads that will be charged to the profit and loss statement under absorption costing will be the fixed expenses incurred during the period, which is also charged in the profit and loss statement under variable costing method. Therefore, net income under both methods will be same. The fixed costs pertaining to opening inventories, under absorption costing method, will be carried forward to the next period, As opening and closing inventories are same (since sales equals production). (Drury, 2004) 2. If the production during the period exceeds the sales during that period, then absorption costing system results in higher profits as compared to the variable costing systems, since fixed cost pertaining to the units sold is less than the total fixed costs for the period (As production is greater than sales and fixed costs in absorption costing are allocated on the basis of units produced). As under the absorption

Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay Example for Free

Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay The term character can be applied in several ways. It can mean either a physical being, or to their total pattern of behavior. In Chaucers Canterbury Tales, one is used to complement the other. He often uses certain physical characteristics to dictate exactly how the person is going to act*. This is most evident in the Summoners Tale. The Summoner is ugly, with a scary face, but also turns out to have a very ugly personality, between his job, attitudes, and values, which come out through his physical descriptions. **.Chaucers use of physical characteristics is most obvious in the Summoners Tale. The Summoner is a scary sight, but not only because he looks so hideous. He also has a hideous job- a summoner is a kind of religious bounty hunter. He seeks down people that need to do their penances and make sure they do them. He is described as having acne so bad no quicksilver, lead ointment, tartar creams,/ no brimstone, no boracic, so it seems,/ could make a salve to cure his whelks of knobby white. So, when people saw him coming, they would already be repulsed simply by his physical image. However, if they knew who he was, they would also be afraid that he was coming to get them. So, he is scary in more than one way. His behavior is as ugly as his face. Questio quid juris was his tag. The Latin phrase questio quid juris means the question is, what is the point in law? He is supposed to be upholding the Churchs law, but was known to turn his back (for a fee). Finally, he was an extortionist, with a heart as black as his beard. He would learn peoples secrets and then tell them he would tell the Church. They would pay him to keep his mouth shut. Sometimes he even set them up with a girl for wine. Chaucers image of the Summoner with his face on fire helps describe his fiery attitudes, even though it directly refers to his facial features. He is prone to drunken rages, often spouting Latin phrases and arguing with people. In fact, his whole tale is told because he was mad at the Friar for insulting him. He is very argumentative, and vulgar. He tells a crude story about the afterlife of Friars, in revenge for the Friars Tale, as way of prologue into his tale. Even his tale is about a greedy Friar, who is so desperate he looks beneath a sick mans buttocks for something hidden there for secrecy. Upon receiving a loud fart, he is shocked, but what else can  he have expected? According to the Summoner, Friars are greedy and stupid, a very immature attempt to gain revenge on the Friar, demonstrating how vindictive he is. Finally, he does not believe in the traditional values of medieval Christianity, although he is supposed to be one of its proponents. He is described as having a garland set upon his head, leading the reader into believing he is a homosexual. He allows men to commit sins, like adultery, without punishment as long as they paid him. Usually he took his payments in the form of wine, but also accepted cash. Why hed allow -just for a quart of wine- / any good lad to keep a concubine/ a twelvemonth! He was very corrupt, a common theme in Chaucers clergy. By accepting bribes to keep his mouth shut, he was essentially blackmailing the men of the community, instead of telling someone like he was supposed to. As his description says he Sang deep seconds to [the Pardoners] song, a love song. He has a deep voice, and is singing harmony to the Pardoner, suggesting their relationship is more than business related. Homosexuality was almost a sin in the Middle Ages, but for one who was supposed to make other pay for their sins he had a propensity for disregarding them. As he pleased the man could bring duress/ on any young fellow in the diocese/ he knew their secrets, they did what he said. He held them in fear of being cursed, and leave them no hope for salvation, by dangling their sins over their heads. So they must do as he says. A Medieval man is not supposed to cause others harm, but try to help them. In fact, his job was to try to save them by making sure they atoned for their sins and gained entry into heaven. So even by the nature of his job, he isnt holding to traditional values. In conclusion, Chaucer effectively sketched the character of the Summoner, using physical traits to attempt to analyze the underlying traits of the character. The reader can become very familiar with who he is (liar, drinker, extortionist) simply by the way Chaucer describes him physically (ugly, large pimples and boils on his face), even though the image is backed up by the characters own actions (drinking, letting young men commit adultery and other sins).

Introduction to natural gas

Introduction to natural gas Natural gas is one of the most important source of energy for reducing pollution and maintaining a clean and healthy environment we can call it as a future energy resource. In addition to being a domestically abundant and secure source of energy, the use of natural gas also offers a number of environmental benefits over other sources of energy, particularly other fossil fuels. This section will discuss the environmental effects of natural gas , interms of emission as well as the environmental impact of the natural gas industry itself. Natural gas is used over 60 million homes. In addition natural gas is used in 78 percent of restaurants, 73 percent of lodging facilities, 51 percent of hospitals, 598 percent of offices, and 58 percent of retail buildings. Natural gas is vital to world manufacturers, not only to power their operations, but also as an essential feedstock for many of the products we use daily- clothing, carpets, sports equipment, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment, computers, and auto parts. It is also a primary feedstock for chemicals, plastics and fertilizers. Natural gas fuels our economy. It is a clean burning domestic energy source that powers our economy. It cools and warms our homes and businesses , is used to generate electricity, and helps maintain our quality of life. Natural gas is a gas consisting primarily of methane. It is found associated with fossil fuels, in coal beds, as methane clathrates, and is created by methogenic organisms in marshes, bogs, and landfills. It is an important fuel source and a potent greenhouse gas. Before natural gas can be used as a fuel, it must undergo extensive processing to remove almost all materials other than methane. The by products of that processing include ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, elemental sulphur and sometimes helium and nitrogen. Overview of natural gas: Natural gas is a fossil fuel source of energy, which represents more than one fifth of total energy consumption in the world. It has been the fastest growing energy souce fuel since the seventies. Due to economical and ecological advantages that it presents as well as its safety quqlities, natural gas is an increasingly attractive source oof energy in many countries. At present, natural gas is the second energy source after oil. According to energy information administration, natural gas accounted for 31% of world energy production in 2006. It has excellent perspectives for future demand. Natural gas is considered the energy source of this century , as petroleum was last century and coal two centuries ago. Natural gas presents a competitive advantage over other energy sources. It is seen as economically more efficient because only about 10% of the natural gas produced is wasted before it gets to final consumption. In addition , technological advances are constantly improving efficiencies in extraction ,transportation and storage techniques as well as in equipment that uses natural gas. Natural gas is considered as an environmentally friendly clean fuel , offering important environmental benefits when compared to other fossil fuels. The superior environmental qualities over coal or oil are that emissions of sulphur dioxide are negligible or that the level of nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions is lower. This helps to reduce problems of acid rain, ozone layer depletion orgreenhouse gases. Although resources of natural are finite and natural gas is a non-renewable source of energy, these resorces are plentiful all over the world. Natural gas reserves are continuously increasing as new exploration and extraction techniques allow for wider and deeper drilling. The growing importance of natural gas as a major energy source is shown by the amount of investment devoted to the natural gas industry. The sector shows a great dynamism at the beginning of the new milleniuum. Increasing demand and prices in tje recent in the recent past have led to new expansion and exploration projects in the natural gas industry. New pipeline construction projects are developed and planned all over the world. Furthermore, most governments are progressively including natural gas in their energy policy agenda, by following liberalization policies(particularly after the energy shortages of 1970s), in order to open the markets to competition. More and more, energy final users are also showing a preference for using natural gas a clean, safe, reliable and economical source of energy. Natural gas is used for heating, cooling and several other industry uses, while it is increasingly becoming the favoured fuel for power generation. Natural gas is future of energy and fuel requirements as it is one of the most clean fuel the evidences for this is illustrated by following this data: Chemistry of natural gas: Natural gas, like all fossil fuels, is the remain of prehistoric living matter that existed million of years ago. In the marine environment, dead organisms came to rest on the ocean floor, where they were covered by layer after layer of mud or silt which over time became layers of rock. Buried beneath the sea bed, the hydroicarbons stored inside the once living matter were preserved , but their composition was altered by the heat and pressure from the rocks above. Millions of years later, deposits of these hydrocarbons can be found either in liquid form as petroleum, or as natural gas. Natural gas forms in porous layers of rock, with bubbles of gas trapped inside the rock. Gas fields occur when a layer of impervious rock, such as limestone, has formed above the layer of porous rock, preventing the gas from escaping. Deposits of natural gas are often found alongside petroleum deposits. Natural gas is colourless and odourless. It consists mostlyof methane, but mixed in with the methane are likely to be other hydrocarbon compounds and a few impurities. Natural gas is colourless odourless, tasteless, shapeless and lighter than air. It is gaseous at any temperature over -161 c. When it is at its natural state, it is not possible to see or smell natural gas. For safety reasons, a chemical odorant that smells a little like rotten eggs, mercaptan, is added to natural gas so that it can be smelled if there is a gas leak. Natural gas is a mixture of light hydrocarbons including methane, ethane , propane, butanes and pentanes. Other compound found in natural gas includes co2, helium hydrogen sulphide and nitrogen. The composition of natural gas is never constant, however, the primary component of natural gas is methane(typically, atleast 90%), which has a simple hydrocarbon structure composed of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms(ch4) . methane is highly inflammable , burns easily and almost completely, while it emits very little air pollution. Natural gas is neither corrosive nor toxic, its ignition temperature is high, and its has a narrow flammability range, making it an inherently safe fossil fuel compared to other fuel sources. In addition , because of its specific gravity of 0.60, lower than that of air(1.00), natural gas rises if escaping, thus dissipating from the site of any leak. The carbon and hydrogen occurs from the remains of plants and animals (composition in natural gas) Which were inside the lakes and seas millions of years back. The organic material then mixed up with huge layers of sediments and then turned back to natural gas and crude oil as heat from the earths inside and pressure from the layers changed it. Natural gas is found all over the globe in resorviors deep inside the earth and in oceans. It is trapped in porous rock formations. Natural gas can be found in oil deposits, as associated natural gas. Natural gas when cooled ton a temperature of approx -260 f, it converts to a liquid naming liquefied natural gas(LNG). LNG has weight one half as that of water, or you can say 45% less weight then water to be exact. It is non corrosive, non toxic, odourless and colourless. For convenience in transportation and storing natural gas is liquefied to form LNG. Natural gas is practically free from sulphur and therefore does not produces so2 so considered as clean and environment friendly source of energy it also emits lower values os nitrogen oxides when compared with coal or oil. Power generation: Natural gas is now used widely in the generation of electricity by using gas turbines and steam turbines. By combining gas turbines with steam turbines we can increase efficiency of electric generation and this mode is called combined cycle mode. Natural gas produces less greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide for an equivalent amount of heat when compared to petroleum(30% less) and coal(45 % less) therefore combined cycle generation of electricity using natural gas is the cleanest source of power available using fossil fuels. Natural gas is used in power generation wherever we can obtain it at a reasonable price further fuel cells(discussed in detail below) can be used for power generation using natural gas but it is not economically a good deal. Fuel cells using natural gas: Fuel cells using natural gas for power generation are under development. Fuel cells are devices that uses hydrogen to produce electricity their working is approximately same as of batteries. It is one of the cleanest way of generating electricity as their is no emissions what so ever and as we know that natural gases are a rich source of hydrogen so it can be used in fuel cells. Fuel cells are still under development process as the process of using natural gas in fuel cells is very expensive but if they are used widespread all over the world then we can assure a very clean environment and can reduce emissions associated with the generation of electricity. Electricity generation and industrial application uses fossil fuels for generating electricity and heat . we can use natural gas for such type of operations as it can help to reduce the emissions associated with the generation of electricity. In transportation: Natural gas can be used as a fuel for vehicles, trains and air transport also it can be a very clean fuel as in the case of CNG (compressed natural gas) used in four and three wheeler vehicles . by 2008 9.6 million vehicles uses natural gas as their source of fuel supply. Its efficiency is slightly less then diesel engine but comparable to gasoline engines but if we make it compulsory for all public transport vehicles to use natural gas as their energy source supply we can led to a very clean world as the major source of air pollution is from the transport sector. In aerospace: Development processes are running to develop aircrafts that uses natural gas the source of their fuel supply Russian company Tupololev is trying to develop an aircraft that uses LNG and HYDROGEN as the source of its power supply it will also cost lower then normal aircraft and also with reduction in nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide emission reduction. The advantage of using natural gas as a fuel for aircrafts is that its specific energyis more than normal aircraft fuel(kerosene mixes) and one advantage is that it can can be used as a cooler for cooling air replacing a intercooler in engine. Natural gas can also be use for manufacture of plastics, paints, glass steel, fabrics and other useful products. Advantages and Disadvantages of natural gas: The main advantage of using natural gas over other fossil fuel as a source of energy is that it is a clean fuel and contributes very less effect on air and environment around us as there is no emissions, no residue, no smoke and no smell. Its growth of use as domestic fuel, for power generation , in industries is increasing rapidly day by day. From a survey it has been found that use of natural gas as a source for power generation nearly accounts for around 20% of our total energy source(world energy outlook 2000). But as every coin has two phases using natural gas is also not free from this comment, it is considered that natural gas is clean source of energy but this is not a true fact, it does affect the environment to some extent. Natural gas also produces carbon dioxide while burning like all other fossil fuels although it is very less as compared to coal and petroleum and also natural gas that is used as a energy source is always not free from impurities and this lead to emissions of unwanted particulates. Therefore it may be noted that it is not a complete clean fuel as it is not carbon neutral and also produces small emissions so from an environmental point of view it is not an complete ideal source of energy. Another disadvantage is that which is common to all fossil fuels is that their extraction leads to a process called mining and drilling which may lead to an ecological inbalance and also causes pollution which can be visualised. Future: Natural gas has many advantages over other energy sources but we cant depend on natural gas as a future source of energy the facts that ensures this facts are after a period of regular extraction one day all supplies will be exhausted or will be depleted to that extent that cost of extracting will overweigh the value of the value of the fuel we obtain this is a common fact to all fossil fuels. natural gas is considered to be a clean fuel but above we have discussed that it is not an complete ideal source of energy, so research work is going on to discover that future source of energy. Solar and hydel energy can also be the future source of energy. Natural gas will have a very bright future as compared to other fossil fuels as globally all government are encouraging use of natural gas in power stations in preference to other fossil fuel.